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Cost of starting and maintaining a company. If you are planning to start a micro-business with a small number of employees or run your business on your own, countries with high start-up and maintenance costs (Switzerland, Luxembourg, Liechtenstein) are unlikely to be the best choice for you. In addition to the cost of starting a company, it is also important to consider the costs of maintaining it: the cost of accounting services, the obligation to undergo an audit, the need for local employees and the need for a physical office in the country of incorporation.
Company control. Before starting a business in Europe and choosing a country to open a company, it is worth paying attention to the corporate legislation of the country you have chosen – in some European countries (Switzerland, Bulgaria) a company with foreign ownership has an obligation to have a local director who is a resident of the country. For some types of business this may be an insignificant and easy to fulfil requirement (you have a partner, a resident of the country in which you fully trust), but for other types of business it can be a significant problem and it is better to try to solve it at the earliest stage, choosing a European country to open a business in which there is no such obligation.
Confidentiality of information about the company’s beneficiaries. If inaccessibility of data on company beneficiaries is critical for your business, Cyprus and Switzerland will be the preferred choice for opening a company in Europe. It should be borne in mind that in some European countries information on all company members is freely available (Estonia), while in others it can be ordered for a small fee from the Commercial Register or from a private company that has such information.
SIF – Specialised Investment Fund A specialised investment fund based in Luxembourg is in principle exempt from income tax. The subscription tax is 0.01% per annum. The basis for calculating the subscription tax is the total net asset value of the specialised fund. The company is liable to a one-off capital tax of €1,250 payable on incorporation. SICAR – company with risk capital investments (Authorised capital of at least EUR 1mn) Annual capital turnover tax of EUR 1,250. Corporate tax 29.63%. There are no restrictions under double tax treaties. Profit distributions are not subject to source tax. Income from securities is exempt from tax. Proceeds from the liquidation of a company are not taxed (for non-resident participants)
Luxembourg does not tax profits generated by offshore bank accounts. An offshore Luxembourg bank account is a guaranteed means of capital protection. All information in offshore bank accounts in Luxembourg is considered confidential and may not be disclosed without the express authorisation of the bank account holder.
Luxembourg offers unique business opportunities due to its stable economy, favourable tax system, strategic location, quality financial services and high standard of living. These factors make it an attractive location for international investors and entrepreneurs seeking to expand their operations or enter the European market.
However, business success in Luxembourg requires careful planning and understanding of the local environment. This includes choosing the best legal form for the company, strategic planning, complying with regulatory requirements and proactively engaging with local partners and regulators.
Overall, Luxembourg offers a favourable environment for business development, backed by a highly skilled workforce, an innovative economy and a stable legal system.
It would seem that Maltese taxation is quite severe and the corporate income tax rate does not suggest that Malta is a low tax jurisdiction. However, this is not the case. The fact is that non-resident companies in Malta are entitled to a refund of taxes paid, which allows us to talk about the lower level of taxation in Malta compared to most countries in the world.
In order to claim a corporate income tax refund, a foreign company must be registered in Malta as a trading or holding company (deriving its income from trading activities or from participation in other organisations, respectively).
In the tax accounting of a Maltese company, the income earned by it must be recorded in one of four tax accounts: “foreign profits”, “Maltese profits”, “profits from immovable property”, “non-taxable income”. Each type of income is taxed according to its own rules. The final amount of tax is recorded in the fifth account “final tax”.
Example. Consider the two most common cases: a Maltese company derives profits from trading activities abroad and from participation in other companies. In either case, these profits are subject to statutory tax at 35 per cent, but the Maltese shareholders are entitled to claim a refund of the tax taken from the dividends distributed. The refund rules differ for different types of income.
If a Maltese company derives income from trading activities outside Malta (and the term “trading” includes both the direct purchase and sale of goods and the provision of services), its shareholders are entitled, upon receipt of the dividend, to apply for a refund of 6/7th of the tax previously paid in Malta. Therefore, the effective income tax rate will be 5 per cent.
